山西大学 环境科学研究所、环境医学与毒理学研究所,山西 太原 030006
[ "孟紫强,男,山西临汾人,医学硕士,教授,博士生导师,享受国务院特殊津贴;现任山西省毒理学研究会荣誉理事长;历任美国纽约科学院成员、美国国家科学技术促进会会员、国际DNA修复学会理事、美国化学学会会员、中国毒理学会常务理事和第一届监事会监事、中华医学微量元素学会常务理事、中国环境科学学会大气环境委员会委员、环境医学与健康委员会委员、中国环境诱变剂学会致突变剂专业委员会委员、山西省毒理学会第一届理事长等,以及《环境与职业医学》《生态毒理学报》《中国药理学与毒理学杂志》,Prob-Biology, JSM Brain Science,Chinese Journal of Biology等多种国内外学术期刊编委或顾问;主要研究领域为环境医学、环境毒理学、生态毒理学、气体信号分子等;主持完成国家和省部级项目30余项,包括国家基金重点项目1项。获国家级教学成果二等奖1项,教育部科技进步奖二、三等奖各1项,省科技进步奖一、二、三等奖各1、6、4项;出版中、英文著作22部,发表学术论文400余篇,其中SCI收录90余篇。Email:zqmeng@sxu.edu.cn" ]
纸质出版日期:2023-09-15,
收稿日期:2023-03-25,
修回日期:2023-05-10,
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孟紫强.环境健康科学研究简史及其学科构成[J].新兴科学和技术趋势,2023,2(3):258-279.
MENG Ziqiang.A brief history of environmental health science research and its discipline composition[J].Emerging Science and Technology,2023,2(3):258-279.
孟紫强.环境健康科学研究简史及其学科构成[J].新兴科学和技术趋势,2023,2(3):258-279. DOI: 10.12405/j.issn.2097-1486.2023.03.004.
MENG Ziqiang.A brief history of environmental health science research and its discipline composition[J].Emerging Science and Technology,2023,2(3):258-279. DOI: 10.12405/j.issn.2097-1486.2023.03.004.
在人类历史发展的不同阶段,从古代、近代到现代,环境与健康关系的研究各有其本质的不同和特点。在环境健康科学研究史上,在研究思想、方向和内容等方面发生了多次转折或飞跃。在古代时期,人类就已经开始进行环境与健康之间关系的早期探索。在距今2000—3000年之前,古代医生将人类长期在环境与健康关系的探索中获得的经验进行理性分析,导致古代传统医学的产生,引起环境健康科学研究发生第一次转折:从直观零散的研究转变为具有传统医学理论指导的系统性研究。《黄帝内经》和《希波克拉底文集》的撰写和成书就是这次转折的突出标志。在近代的18—19世纪,在工业生产快速发展、工人经济状况恶劣、环境卫生问题凸显和传染病流行频发的形势下,环境健康科学研究的历程发生第二次转折:从古代以自然界的原生环境与健康关系为主的研究,转移到近代以人居环境卫生与传染病关系为主的研究;近代公共卫生运动在欧洲各国的兴起和卫生学科的产生和发展就是这次转折的主要标志。自18世纪工业革命以来,人类长期对自然界的无限索取和废物的任意排放,生态环境逐渐受到破坏。直到现代时期的20世纪中叶,人们忽然发现环境污染已经成为人类健康的严重威胁,而抗生素和化学抗炎药物的发明和应用使多种传染病得到有效预防和控制。于是,环境健康科学研究发生了第三次转折:由近代时期以人居环境卫生与传染病流行关系为重点的研究,转折到现代时期以自然环境污染与非传染病之间关系为重点的研究。而多种学科共同参与环境与健康关系的研究,相互交叉、融合,创建以环境流行病学、环境毒理学、环境卫生学、环境疾病学等构成的现代环境健康科学,也是第三次转折的标志。历史进入21世纪,随着新的科技发展所带来的新生工业的生产不可避免地会产生新的污染物,这些新兴环境污染物对健康的危害及其预防对策尚缺乏了解,有待研究;而同时本世纪多种病毒性传染病的流行,特别是2020年在全球暴发的新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)对人类健康造成的严重危害,也向人们敲响了警钟,从而导致环境健康科学研究的历程发生第四次转折:从20世纪以对传统环境污染物与非传染性疾病关系为主的研究,转折到21世纪以对环境生物污染物(特别是病毒)与传染性疾病之间关系为主和以对新兴环境污染物与健康关系为主的研究。可以预期:人类对病毒感染的成功预防和对新兴环境污染物的基本控制之日,就是环境健康科学研究再次发生转折之时。
At different stages of human history, from ancient times to modern age,the research at each stage on the relationship between environment and health had its own essential differences and characteristics. In the history of environmental health science research, its research philosophy, direction, and content had undergone multiple twists and turns or qualitative change. In ancient times, humans had already begun early exploration of the relationship between environment and health. Before 2000 to 3000 years ago, ancient doctors conducted rational analysis of the experience gained from human long-term exploration of the relationship between environment and health, led to the emergence of ancient traditional medicine, caused the first turning point in environmental health science research: transforming from intuitive and scattered research to systematic research guided by traditional medical theory. The writing and completion of classical works of the
Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon
and the
Hippocrates Corpus
were the prominent marks of this turning point. In the modern 18th to 19th centuries, in the context of rapid industrial development, poor economic conditions for workers, prominent environmental hygiene issues and frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases, the process of environmental health science research had undergone a second turning point: The ancient studies focusing on the relationship between the primary environment and health was transferred to modern research focusing on the relationship between living environment hygiene and infectious diseases; the rise of modern public health movements in various European countries and the emergence and development of hygieology were the main symbols of this turning point. Since the industrial revolution of the 18th century, the ecological environment was gradually being destroyed due to humanity’s long-term unlimited demand from nature and arbitrary discharge of waste. Until the mid-20th century, people suddenly realized that environmental pollution had
already became a serious threat to human health; At the same time, various infectious diseases were effectively prevented and controlled due to the invention and application of antibiotics and chemical anti-inflammatory drugs. As a result, there was a third turning point in environmental health science research: The research focusing on the relationship between living environment hygiene and infectious diseases was turned to the research focusing on the relationship between natural environmental pollution and non communicable diseases. Together, intersecting and merging among multiple disciplines adopted in the contemporary research on the relationship between environment and health, led to the establishment of modern environmental health science discipline, which was composed of environmental epidemiology, environmental toxicology, environmental hygiene and environmental disease science and so on. It was also a sign of the third turning point in environmental health science research. Into the 21st century, with the development of emerging science and technology, new industrial production would also produce some emerging environmental pollutants, which their health hazards and prevention strategies urgently need to be studied. In the meantime, the prevalence of various viral infectious diseases in this century, especially global outbreaks of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020, had caused serious harm to human health. All of these led to the fourth turning point in the process of environmental health science research: The research focusing on the relationship between traditional environmental pollutants and non-communicable diseases in the 20th century, was turned to research focused on the relationship between emerging environmental pollutants and health, and the relationship between environmental biological pollutants (especially viruses) and infectious diseases in the 21st century. It might be predicted that the day of successful prevention of virus infection and basic control of emerging pollutants would be the time that progress of the environmental health science research would take a turning point once again.
环境与健康环境健康科学科技史生物污染物新兴污染物
environmental and healthenvironmental health scienceshistory of science and technologybiological pollutantsemerging pollutants
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